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Printing In order to be printed, colour photographs need to be separated into primary colours. The primary ink colours are called "Four Colour Process", the colours being cyan (bluish), magenta (pink/reddish), yellow and black. Similar inks are used in colour inkjet printers.
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Adhesive Binding
Probably the most commonly used for of adhesive binding used in bookwork is Perfect binding, although burst binding is used occasionally. In all cases, the type of paper used for both text and cover will affect the strength of the binding.
Perfect binding: Folded sections of text/images are gathered into blocks, which are then automatically passed into the binding machine. They are tightly held in clamps, spine down, and are moved across rotating cutting blades, which removes the folds on the spine to expose the edges of the pages. The book blocks, still clamped, move over rollers where hot-melt glue is applied to the spines. At the next station, the covers are applied to the still wet glue. Finally guillotining occurrs, completing the process.
Burst binding: In burst binding the book sections are pierced along the spine with slot perforations during the folding operation. The sections are then collated and bound by a method similar to that used in perfect binding. The only difference is that the spine of the book is not removed; instead, glue is rolled onto the spine and forced through the perforations so that the book is securely held together. The cover is then applied to the still wet glue on the spine.
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Loose-leaf Binding
In loose-leaf binding, after being collated, pages are trimmed on all edges and the separate pages are then bound. Individual pages in loose-leaf publications are more prone to wear and tear along the binding than leaves in fully bound publications. The types of bindings described and illustrated on following page:
Plastic Grip Spine: A plastic extrusion is slid over a square-backed or single fold cover, gripping the contents by means of the tension in the plastic material.
Spiral (wire or plastic) binding is the most automated method of loose-leaf binding but does not allow for replacement of single pages to be made. However, spiral bound books lie perfectly flat when open, which is a significant advantage when used for reference material.
Comb (plastic) binding is very similar to spiral binding except that a clip-in device resembling a comb is used. Its advantages and disadvantages are the same as those of the spiral method.
Ring binding, commonly used for price lists, student notes, catalogues and any publication requiring amendment. The rings can be readily snapped open to allow new or amended pages to be added. Ring-bound publications lie flat when open.
Post binding allows the removal and replacement of leaves, but books bound in this way do not lie flat when open.
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Paper binding
Saddle-stitched: This is the simplest form of permanent binding. Pages are printed and folded in such a manner so that each section of text to be inserted. The spine is creased and folded to form a square back and wire staples are punched through the cover and text pages from the front to back.
Side stitching: In side stitching the sections are collated in sequence (section-sewn) and staples are then inserted from the side. Side-stitched books have strength but do not lie flat when open.
Covers are usually creased about 5 mm from the spine to provide a hinge (and to cover the staples) the cover is then glued to the spine a short distance round the sides.
Section-sewn with Thread: Sections of pages are gathered side-by-side and sewn, first as sections then as a complete whole. This is the most permanent binding method.
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